diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/PreventRequestsDuringMaintenance.php b/app/Http/Middleware/PreventRequestsDuringMaintenance.php
index 74cbd9a..842e4b9 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/PreventRequestsDuringMaintenance.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/PreventRequestsDuringMaintenance.php
@@ -11,7 +11,5 @@ class PreventRequestsDuringMaintenance extends Middleware
      *
      * @var array<int, string>
      */
-    protected $except = [
-        //
-    ];
+    protected $except = [];
 }
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/RateLimiter.php b/app/Http/Middleware/RateLimiter.php
index 8c00b57..09eb0a9 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/RateLimiter.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/RateLimiter.php
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ class RateLimiter
     public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
     {
         $ipAddress = $request->ip();
-        $cacheKey = 'rate_limit_' . $ipAddress;
+        $cacheKey = 'rate_limit_'.$ipAddress;
 
         if (Cache::has($cacheKey)) {
-            // If the cache key exists, the IP has submitted an entry within the last hour
+            // If the cache key exists, the IP has submitted an entry within the last hour.
             return response()->view('errors.guestbook-ratelimit', [], 429);
         }
 
-        // Add the IP address to the cache and set the expiration time to one hour
+        // Add the IP address to the cache and set the expiration time to one hour.
         Cache::put($cacheKey, true, 3600);
 
         return $next($request);
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php b/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
index afc78c4..a3439b5 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/RedirectIfAuthenticated.php
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next, string ...$guards): Resp
         }
 
         return $next($request);
-    }
+    } // end handle()
 }
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/TrustProxies.php b/app/Http/Middleware/TrustProxies.php
index 3391630..69f4e53 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/TrustProxies.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/TrustProxies.php
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ class TrustProxies extends Middleware
      *
      * @var int
      */
-    protected $headers =
+    protected $headers =(
         Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_FOR |
         Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_HOST |
         Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_PORT |
         Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_PROTO |
-        Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_AWS_ELB;
+        Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_AWS_ELB
+    );
 }
diff --git a/app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php b/app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php
index 9e86521..70e23e1 100644
--- a/app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php
+++ b/app/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php
@@ -11,7 +11,5 @@ class VerifyCsrfToken extends Middleware
      *
      * @var array<int, string>
      */
-    protected $except = [
-        //
-    ];
+    protected $except = [];
 }
diff --git a/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php b/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
index 54756cd..3751a10 100644
--- a/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
+++ b/app/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace App\Providers;
 
-// use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Gate;
 use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;
 
 class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider