diff --git a/src/multicall.rs b/src/multicall.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 86b0853..0000000
--- a/src/multicall.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,490 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-  io::{self, Read, Write},
-  os::fd::IntoRawFd,
-  process::Command,
-};
-
-use clap::{ArgAction, Parser};
-use wl_clipboard_rs::{
-  copy::{
-    ClipboardType as CopyClipboardType,
-    MimeType as CopyMimeType,
-    Options,
-    Seat as CopySeat,
-    ServeRequests,
-    Source,
-  },
-  paste::{
-    ClipboardType as PasteClipboardType,
-    Error as PasteError,
-    MimeType as PasteMimeType,
-    Seat as PasteSeat,
-    get_contents,
-    get_mime_types,
-  },
-  utils::{PrimarySelectionCheckError, is_primary_selection_supported},
-};
-
-/// Extract the base name from argv[0].
-fn get_base(argv0: &str) -> &str {
-  std::path::Path::new(argv0)
-    .file_name()
-    .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
-    .unwrap_or("")
-}
-
-/// Dispatch multicall binary logic based on argv[0].
-/// Returns true if a multicall command was handled and the process should exit.
-pub fn multicall_dispatch() -> bool {
-  let argv0 = std::env::args().next().unwrap_or_default();
-  let base = get_base(&argv0);
-  match base {
-    "stash-copy" | "wl-copy" => {
-      wl_copy_main();
-      true
-    },
-    "stash-paste" | "wl-paste" => {
-      wl_paste_main();
-      true
-    },
-    _ => false,
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(
-  name = "wl-copy",
-  about = "Copy clipboard contents on Wayland.",
-  version
-)]
-#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
-struct WlCopyArgs {
-  /// Serve only a single paste request and then exit
-  #[arg(short = 'o', long = "paste-once", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  paste_once: bool,
-
-  /// Stay in the foreground instead of forking
-  #[arg(short = 'f', long = "foreground", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  foreground: bool,
-
-  /// Clear the clipboard instead of copying
-  #[arg(short = 'c', long = "clear", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  clear: bool,
-
-  /// Use the "primary" clipboard
-  #[arg(short = 'p', long = "primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  primary: bool,
-
-  /// Use the regular clipboard
-  #[arg(short = 'r', long = "regular", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  regular: bool,
-
-  /// Trim the trailing newline character before copying
-  #[arg(short = 'n', long = "trim-newline", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  trim_newline: bool,
-
-  /// Pick the seat to work with
-  #[arg(short = 's', long = "seat")]
-  seat: Option<String>,
-
-  /// Override the inferred MIME type for the content
-  #[arg(short = 't', long = "type")]
-  mime_type: Option<String>,
-
-  /// Enable verbose logging
-  #[arg(short = 'v', long = "verbose", action = ArgAction::Count)]
-  verbose: u8,
-
-  /// Check if primary selection is supported and exit
-  #[arg(long = "check-primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  check_primary: bool,
-
-  /// Do not offer additional text mime types (stash extension)
-  #[arg(long = "omit-additional-text-mime-types", action = ArgAction::SetTrue, hide = true)]
-  omit_additional_text_mime_types: bool,
-
-  /// Number of paste requests to serve before exiting (stash extension)
-  #[arg(short = 'x', long = "serve-requests", hide = true)]
-  serve_requests: Option<usize>,
-
-  /// Text to copy (if not given, read from stdin)
-  #[arg(value_name = "TEXT TO COPY", action = ArgAction::Append)]
-  text: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-fn wl_copy_main() {
-  let args = WlCopyArgs::parse();
-
-  if args.check_primary {
-    match is_primary_selection_supported() {
-      Ok(true) => {
-        log::info!("primary selection is supported.");
-        std::process::exit(0);
-      },
-      Ok(false) => {
-        log::info!("primary selection is NOT supported.");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-      Err(PrimarySelectionCheckError::NoSeats) => {
-        log::error!("could not determine: no seats available.");
-        std::process::exit(2);
-      },
-      Err(PrimarySelectionCheckError::MissingProtocol) => {
-        log::error!("data-control protocol not supported by compositor.");
-        std::process::exit(3);
-      },
-      Err(e) => {
-        log::error!("error checking primary selection support: {e}");
-        std::process::exit(4);
-      },
-    }
-  }
-
-  let clipboard = if args.primary {
-    CopyClipboardType::Primary
-  } else {
-    CopyClipboardType::Regular
-  };
-
-  let mime_type = if let Some(mt) = args.mime_type.as_deref() {
-    if mt == "text" || mt == "text/plain" {
-      CopyMimeType::Text
-    } else if mt == "autodetect" {
-      CopyMimeType::Autodetect
-    } else {
-      CopyMimeType::Specific(mt.to_string())
-    }
-  } else {
-    CopyMimeType::Autodetect
-  };
-
-  // Handle clear operation
-  if args.clear {
-    let mut opts = Options::new();
-    opts.clipboard(clipboard);
-    if let Some(seat_name) = args.seat.as_deref() {
-      opts.seat(CopySeat::Specific(seat_name.to_string()));
-    } else {
-      opts.seat(CopySeat::All);
-    }
-
-    if let Err(e) = opts.copy(Source::Bytes(Vec::new().into()), mime_type) {
-      log::error!("failed to clear clipboard: {e}");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Read input data
-  let input: Vec<u8> = if args.text.is_empty() {
-    let mut buffer = Vec::new();
-    if let Err(e) = std::io::stdin().read_to_end(&mut buffer) {
-      eprintln!("failed to read stdin: {e}");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-    buffer
-  } else {
-    args.text.join(" ").into_bytes()
-  };
-
-  // Configure copy options
-  let mut opts = Options::new();
-  opts.clipboard(clipboard);
-
-  if let Some(seat_name) = args.seat.as_deref() {
-    opts.seat(CopySeat::Specific(seat_name.to_string()));
-  } else {
-    opts.seat(CopySeat::All);
-  }
-
-  if args.trim_newline {
-    opts.trim_newline(true);
-  }
-
-  if args.omit_additional_text_mime_types {
-    opts.omit_additional_text_mime_types(true);
-  }
-
-  // Configure serving behavior
-  if args.paste_once {
-    opts.serve_requests(ServeRequests::Only(1));
-  } else if let Some(n) = args.serve_requests {
-    opts.serve_requests(ServeRequests::Only(n));
-  }
-
-  // Handle foreground vs background mode
-  if args.foreground {
-    // Foreground mode: copy and serve in current process
-    if let Err(e) = opts.copy(Source::Bytes(input.into()), mime_type) {
-      log::error!("failed to copy to clipboard: {e}");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-  } else {
-    // Background mode: fork and let child serve requests
-    // First prepare the copy to validate before forking
-    let mut opts_fg = opts.clone();
-    opts_fg.foreground(true);
-
-    let prepared_copy =
-      match opts_fg.prepare_copy(Source::Bytes(input.into()), mime_type) {
-        Ok(copy) => copy,
-        Err(e) => {
-          log::error!("failed to prepare copy: {e}");
-          std::process::exit(1);
-        },
-      };
-
-    // Fork the process
-    match unsafe { libc::fork() } {
-      -1 => {
-        log::error!("failed to fork: {}", std::io::Error::last_os_error());
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-      0 => {
-        // Child process: serve clipboard requests
-        // Redirect stdin/stdout to /dev/null to detach from terminal
-        if let Ok(dev_null) = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
-          .read(true)
-          .write(true)
-          .open("/dev/null")
-        {
-          let fd = dev_null.into_raw_fd();
-          unsafe {
-            libc::dup2(fd, libc::STDIN_FILENO);
-            libc::dup2(fd, libc::STDOUT_FILENO);
-            libc::close(fd);
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Serve clipboard requests
-        if let Err(e) = prepared_copy.serve() {
-          log::error!("failed to serve clipboard: {e}");
-          std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-        std::process::exit(0);
-      },
-      _ => {
-        // Parent process: exit immediately
-        std::process::exit(0);
-      },
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(
-  name = "wl-paste",
-  about = "Paste clipboard contents on Wayland.",
-  version,
-  disable_help_subcommand = true
-)]
-struct WlPasteArgs {
-  /// List the offered MIME types instead of pasting
-  #[arg(short = 'l', long = "list-types", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  list_types: bool,
-
-  /// Use the "primary" clipboard
-  #[arg(short = 'p', long = "primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  primary: bool,
-
-  /// Do not append a newline character
-  #[arg(short = 'n', long = "no-newline", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
-  no_newline: bool,
-
-  /// Pick the seat to work with
-  #[arg(short = 's', long = "seat")]
-  seat: Option<String>,
-
-  /// Request the given MIME type instead of inferring the MIME type
-  #[arg(short = 't', long = "type")]
-  mime_type: Option<String>,
-
-  /// Enable verbose logging
-  #[arg(short = 'v', long = "verbose", action = ArgAction::Count)]
-  verbose: u8,
-
-  /// Watch for clipboard changes and run a command
-  #[arg(short = 'w', long = "watch")]
-  watch: Option<Vec<String>>,
-}
-
-fn wl_paste_main() {
-  let args = WlPasteArgs::parse();
-
-  let clipboard = if args.primary {
-    PasteClipboardType::Primary
-  } else {
-    PasteClipboardType::Regular
-  };
-
-  let seat = if let Some(seat_name) = args.seat.as_deref() {
-    PasteSeat::Specific(seat_name)
-  } else {
-    PasteSeat::Unspecified
-  };
-
-  // Handle list-types option
-  if args.list_types {
-    match get_mime_types(clipboard, seat) {
-      Ok(types) => {
-        for mime_type in types {
-          println!("{}", mime_type);
-        }
-        std::process::exit(0);
-      },
-      Err(PasteError::NoSeats) => {
-        log::error!("no seats available (is a Wayland compositor running?)");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-      Err(e) => {
-        log::error!("failed to list types: {e}");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Handle watch mode
-  if let Some(watch_args) = args.watch {
-    if watch_args.is_empty() {
-      eprintln!("--watch requires a command to run");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    }
-
-    // For now, implement a simple version that just runs once
-    // Full watch mode would require more complex implementation
-    log::warn!("watch mode is not fully implemented in this version");
-
-    let mut cmd = Command::new(&watch_args[0]);
-    if watch_args.len() > 1 {
-      cmd.args(&watch_args[1..]);
-    }
-
-    // Get clipboard content and pipe it to the command
-    match get_contents(clipboard, seat, PasteMimeType::Text) {
-      Ok((mut reader, _types)) => {
-        let mut content = Vec::new();
-        if let Err(e) = reader.read_to_end(&mut content) {
-          log::error!("failed to read clipboard: {e}");
-          std::process::exit(1);
-        }
-
-        // Set environment variable for clipboard state
-        unsafe {
-          std::env::set_var(
-            "CLIPBOARD_STATE",
-            if content.is_empty() { "nil" } else { "data" },
-          )
-        };
-
-        // Spawn the command with the content as stdin
-        use std::process::Stdio;
-        cmd.stdin(Stdio::piped());
-
-        let mut child = match cmd.spawn() {
-          Ok(child) => child,
-          Err(e) => {
-            log::error!("failed to spawn command: {e}");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          },
-        };
-
-        if let Some(stdin) = child.stdin.take() {
-          use std::io::Write;
-          let mut stdin = stdin;
-          if let Err(e) = stdin.write_all(&content) {
-            log::error!("failed to write to command stdin: {e}");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          }
-        }
-
-        match child.wait() {
-          Ok(status) => {
-            std::process::exit(status.code().unwrap_or(1));
-          },
-          Err(e) => {
-            log::error!("failed to wait for command: {e}");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          },
-        }
-      },
-      Err(PasteError::NoSeats) => {
-        log::error!("no seats available (is a Wayland compositor running?)");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-      Err(PasteError::ClipboardEmpty) => {
-        unsafe {
-          std::env::set_var("CLIPBOARD_STATE", "nil");
-        }
-        // Run command with /dev/null as stdin
-        use std::process::Stdio;
-        cmd.stdin(Stdio::null());
-
-        match cmd.status() {
-          Ok(status) => {
-            std::process::exit(status.code().unwrap_or(1));
-          },
-          Err(e) => {
-            log::error!("failed to run command: {e}");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          },
-        }
-      },
-      Err(e) => {
-        log::error!("clipboard error: {e}");
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      },
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Regular paste mode
-  let mime_type = match args.mime_type.as_deref() {
-    None | Some("text" | "autodetect") => PasteMimeType::Text,
-    Some(other) => PasteMimeType::Specific(other),
-  };
-
-  match get_contents(clipboard, seat, mime_type) {
-    Ok((mut reader, _types)) => {
-      let mut out = io::stdout();
-      let mut buf = Vec::new();
-      match reader.read_to_end(&mut buf) {
-        Ok(n) => {
-          if n == 0 && args.no_newline {
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          }
-          if let Err(e) = out.write_all(&buf) {
-            log::error!("failed to write to stdout: {e}");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-          }
-          if !args.no_newline && !buf.ends_with(b"\n") {
-            if let Err(e) = out.write_all(b"\n") {
-              log::error!("failed to write newline to stdout: {e}");
-              std::process::exit(1);
-            }
-          }
-        },
-        Err(e) => {
-          log::error!("failed to read clipboard: {e}");
-          std::process::exit(1);
-        },
-      }
-    },
-    Err(PasteError::NoSeats) => {
-      log::error!("no seats available (is a Wayland compositor running?)");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    },
-    Err(PasteError::ClipboardEmpty) => {
-      if args.no_newline {
-        std::process::exit(1);
-      }
-      // Otherwise, exit successfully with no output
-    },
-    Err(PasteError::NoMimeType) => {
-      log::error!("clipboard does not contain requested MIME type");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    },
-    Err(e) => {
-      log::error!("clipboard error: {e}");
-      std::process::exit(1);
-    },
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/multicall/mod.rs b/src/multicall/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46f19f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/multicall/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Reference documentation:
+// https://wayland.freedesktop.org/docs/html/apa.html#protocol-spec-wl_data_device
+// https://docs.rs/wl-clipboard-rs/latest/wl_clipboard_rs
+// https://github.com/YaLTeR/wl-clipboard-rs/blob/master/wl-clipboard-rs-tools/src/bin/wl_copy.rs
+pub mod wl_copy;
+pub mod wl_paste;
+
+use std::env;
+
+/// Extract the base name from argv[0].
+fn get_base(argv0: &str) -> &str {
+  std::path::Path::new(argv0)
+    .file_name()
+    .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
+    .unwrap_or("")
+}
+
+/// Dispatch multicall binary logic based on `argv[0]`.
+/// Returns `true` if a multicall command was handled and the process should
+/// exit.
+pub fn multicall_dispatch() -> bool {
+  let argv0 = env::args().next().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+    log::warn!("unable to determine program name");
+    String::new()
+  });
+  let base = get_base(&argv0);
+  match base {
+    "stash-copy" | "wl-copy" => {
+      if let Err(e) = wl_copy::wl_copy_main() {
+        log::error!("copy failed: {e}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+      }
+      true
+    },
+    "stash-paste" | "wl-paste" => {
+      if let Err(e) = wl_paste::wl_paste_main() {
+        log::error!("paste failed: {e}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+      }
+      true
+    },
+    _ => false,
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/multicall/wl_copy.rs b/src/multicall/wl_copy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cab79f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/multicall/wl_copy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+use std::io::{self, Read};
+
+use clap::{ArgAction, Parser};
+use color_eyre::eyre::{Context, Result, bail};
+use wl_clipboard_rs::{
+  copy::{
+    ClipboardType as CopyClipboardType,
+    MimeType as CopyMimeType,
+    Options,
+    Seat as CopySeat,
+    ServeRequests,
+    Source,
+  },
+  utils::{PrimarySelectionCheckError, is_primary_selection_supported},
+};
+
+// Maximum clipboard content size to prevent memory exhaustion (100MB)
+const MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE: usize = 100 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(
+  name = "wl-copy",
+  about = "Copy clipboard contents on Wayland.",
+  version
+)]
+#[allow(clippy::struct_excessive_bools)]
+struct WlCopyArgs {
+  /// Serve only a single paste request and then exit
+  #[arg(short = 'o', long = "paste-once", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  paste_once: bool,
+
+  /// Stay in the foreground instead of forking
+  #[arg(short = 'f', long = "foreground", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  foreground: bool,
+
+  /// Clear the clipboard instead of copying
+  #[arg(short = 'c', long = "clear", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  clear: bool,
+
+  /// Use the "primary" clipboard
+  #[arg(short = 'p', long = "primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  primary: bool,
+
+  /// Use the regular clipboard
+  #[arg(short = 'r', long = "regular", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  regular: bool,
+
+  /// Trim the trailing newline character before copying
+  #[arg(short = 'n', long = "trim-newline", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  trim_newline: bool,
+
+  /// Pick the seat to work with
+  #[arg(short = 's', long = "seat")]
+  seat: Option<String>,
+
+  /// Override the inferred MIME type for the content
+  #[arg(short = 't', long = "type")]
+  mime_type: Option<String>,
+
+  /// Enable verbose logging
+  #[arg(short = 'v', long = "verbose", action = ArgAction::Count)]
+  verbose: u8,
+
+  /// Check if primary selection is supported and exit
+  #[arg(long = "check-primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  check_primary: bool,
+
+  /// Do not offer additional text mime types (stash extension)
+  #[arg(long = "omit-additional-text-mime-types", action = ArgAction::SetTrue, hide = true)]
+  omit_additional_text_mime_types: bool,
+
+  /// Number of paste requests to serve before exiting (stash extension)
+  #[arg(short = 'x', long = "serve-requests", hide = true)]
+  serve_requests: Option<usize>,
+
+  /// Text to copy (if not given, read from stdin)
+  #[arg(value_name = "TEXT TO COPY", action = ArgAction::Append)]
+  text: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+fn handle_check_primary() {
+  let exit_code = match is_primary_selection_supported() {
+    Ok(true) => {
+      log::info!("primary selection is supported.");
+      0
+    },
+    Ok(false) => {
+      log::info!("primary selection is NOT supported.");
+      1
+    },
+    Err(PrimarySelectionCheckError::NoSeats) => {
+      log::error!("could not determine: no seats available.");
+      2
+    },
+    Err(PrimarySelectionCheckError::MissingProtocol) => {
+      log::error!("data-control protocol not supported by compositor.");
+      3
+    },
+    Err(e) => {
+      log::error!("error checking primary selection support: {e}");
+      4
+    },
+  };
+
+  // Exit with the relevant code
+  std::process::exit(exit_code);
+}
+
+fn get_clipboard_type(primary: bool) -> CopyClipboardType {
+  if primary {
+    CopyClipboardType::Primary
+  } else {
+    CopyClipboardType::Regular
+  }
+}
+
+fn get_mime_type(mime_arg: Option<&str>) -> CopyMimeType {
+  match mime_arg {
+    Some("text" | "text/plain") => CopyMimeType::Text,
+    Some("autodetect") | None => CopyMimeType::Autodetect,
+    Some(specific) => CopyMimeType::Specific(specific.to_string()),
+  }
+}
+
+fn read_input_data(text_args: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+  if text_args.is_empty() {
+    let mut buffer = Vec::new();
+    let mut stdin = io::stdin();
+
+    // Read with size limit to prevent memory exhaustion
+    let mut temp_buffer = [0; 8192];
+    loop {
+      let bytes_read = stdin
+        .read(&mut temp_buffer)
+        .context("failed to read from stdin")?;
+
+      if bytes_read == 0 {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if buffer.len() + bytes_read > MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE {
+        bail!(
+          "input exceeds maximum clipboard size of {} bytes",
+          MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE
+        );
+      }
+
+      buffer.extend_from_slice(&temp_buffer[..bytes_read]);
+    }
+
+    Ok(buffer)
+  } else {
+    let content = text_args.join(" ");
+    if content.len() > MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE {
+      bail!(
+        "input exceeds maximum clipboard size of {} bytes",
+        MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE
+      );
+    }
+    Ok(content.into_bytes())
+  }
+}
+
+fn configure_copy_options(
+  args: &WlCopyArgs,
+  clipboard: CopyClipboardType,
+) -> Options {
+  let mut opts = Options::new();
+  opts.clipboard(clipboard);
+  opts.seat(
+    args
+      .seat
+      .as_deref()
+      .map_or(CopySeat::All, |s| CopySeat::Specific(s.to_string())),
+  );
+
+  if args.trim_newline {
+    opts.trim_newline(true);
+  }
+
+  if args.omit_additional_text_mime_types {
+    opts.omit_additional_text_mime_types(true);
+  }
+
+  if args.paste_once {
+    opts.serve_requests(ServeRequests::Only(1));
+  } else if let Some(n) = args.serve_requests {
+    opts.serve_requests(ServeRequests::Only(n));
+  }
+
+  opts
+}
+
+fn handle_clear_clipboard(
+  args: &WlCopyArgs,
+  clipboard: CopyClipboardType,
+  mime_type: CopyMimeType,
+) -> Result<()> {
+  let mut opts = Options::new();
+  opts.clipboard(clipboard);
+  opts.seat(
+    args
+      .seat
+      .as_deref()
+      .map_or(CopySeat::All, |s| CopySeat::Specific(s.to_string())),
+  );
+
+  opts
+    .copy(Source::Bytes(Vec::new().into()), mime_type)
+    .context("failed to clear clipboard")?;
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn fork_and_serve(prepared_copy: wl_clipboard_rs::copy::PreparedCopy) {
+  // Use a simpler approach: serve in background thread instead of forking
+  // This avoids all the complexity and safety issues with fork()
+  let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+    if let Err(e) = prepared_copy.serve() {
+      log::error!("background clipboard service failed: {e}");
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Give the background thread a moment to start
+  std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50));
+  log::debug!("clipboard service started in background thread");
+
+  // Detach the thread to allow it to run independently
+  // The thread will be cleaned up when it completes or when the process exits
+  std::mem::forget(handle);
+}
+
+pub fn wl_copy_main() -> Result<()> {
+  let args = WlCopyArgs::parse();
+
+  if args.check_primary {
+    handle_check_primary();
+  }
+
+  let clipboard = get_clipboard_type(args.primary);
+  let mime_type = get_mime_type(args.mime_type.as_deref());
+
+  // Handle clear operation
+  if args.clear {
+    handle_clear_clipboard(&args, clipboard, mime_type)?;
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  // Read input data
+  let input =
+    read_input_data(&args.text).context("failed to read input data")?;
+
+  // Configure copy options
+  let opts = configure_copy_options(&args, clipboard);
+
+  // Handle foreground vs background mode
+  if args.foreground {
+    // Foreground mode: copy and serve in current process
+    opts
+      .copy(Source::Bytes(input.into()), mime_type)
+      .context("failed to copy to clipboard")?;
+  } else {
+    // Background mode: spawn child process to serve requests
+    // First prepare to copy to validate before spawning
+    let mut opts_fg = opts.clone();
+    opts_fg.foreground(true);
+
+    let prepared_copy = opts_fg
+      .prepare_copy(Source::Bytes(input.into()), mime_type)
+      .context("failed to prepare copy")?;
+
+    fork_and_serve(prepared_copy);
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/src/multicall/wl_paste.rs b/src/multicall/wl_paste.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..909926d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/multicall/wl_paste.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+// https://wayland.freedesktop.org/docs/html/apa.html#protocol-spec-wl_data_device
+// https://docs.rs/wl-clipboard-rs/latest/wl_clipboard_rs
+// https://github.com/YaLTeR/wl-clipboard-rs/blob/master/wl-clipboard-rs-tools/src/bin/wl_paste.rs
+use std::{
+  collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher,
+  hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+  io::{self, Read, Write},
+  process::{Command, Stdio},
+  sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+  thread,
+  time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use clap::{ArgAction, Parser};
+use color_eyre::eyre::{Context, Result, bail};
+use wl_clipboard_rs::paste::{
+  ClipboardType as PasteClipboardType,
+  Error as PasteError,
+  MimeType as PasteMimeType,
+  Seat as PasteSeat,
+  get_contents,
+  get_mime_types,
+};
+
+// Watch mode timing constants
+const WATCH_POLL_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 500;
+const WATCH_DEBOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 1000;
+
+// Maximum clipboard content size to prevent memory exhaustion (100MB)
+const MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE: usize = 100 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(
+  name = "wl-paste",
+  about = "Paste clipboard contents on Wayland.",
+  version,
+  disable_help_subcommand = true
+)]
+struct WlPasteArgs {
+  /// List the offered MIME types instead of pasting
+  #[arg(short = 'l', long = "list-types", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  list_types: bool,
+
+  /// Use the "primary" clipboard
+  #[arg(short = 'p', long = "primary", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  primary: bool,
+
+  /// Do not append a newline character
+  #[arg(short = 'n', long = "no-newline", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+  no_newline: bool,
+
+  /// Pick the seat to work with
+  #[arg(short = 's', long = "seat")]
+  seat: Option<String>,
+
+  /// Request the given MIME type instead of inferring the MIME type
+  #[arg(short = 't', long = "type")]
+  mime_type: Option<String>,
+
+  /// Enable verbose logging
+  #[arg(short = 'v', long = "verbose", action = ArgAction::Count)]
+  verbose: u8,
+
+  /// Watch for clipboard changes and run a command
+  #[arg(short = 'w', long = "watch")]
+  watch: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+fn get_paste_mime_type(mime_arg: Option<&str>) -> PasteMimeType {
+  match mime_arg {
+    None | Some("text" | "autodetect") => PasteMimeType::Text,
+    Some(other) => PasteMimeType::Specific(other),
+  }
+}
+
+fn handle_list_types(
+  clipboard: PasteClipboardType,
+  seat: PasteSeat,
+) -> Result<()> {
+  match get_mime_types(clipboard, seat) {
+    Ok(types) => {
+      for mime_type in types {
+        println!("{mime_type}");
+      }
+
+      #[allow(clippy::needless_return)]
+      return Ok(());
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::NoSeats) => {
+      bail!("no seats available (is a Wayland compositor running?)");
+    },
+    Err(e) => {
+      bail!("failed to list types: {e}");
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+fn handle_watch_mode(
+  args: &WlPasteArgs,
+  clipboard: PasteClipboardType,
+  seat: PasteSeat,
+) -> Result<()> {
+  let watch_args = args.watch.as_ref().unwrap();
+  if watch_args.is_empty() {
+    bail!("--watch requires a command to run");
+  }
+
+  log::info!("starting clipboard watch mode");
+
+  // Shared state for tracking last content and shutdown signal
+  let last_content_hash = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<u64>));
+  let shutdown = Arc::new(Mutex::new(false));
+
+  // Set up signal handler for graceful shutdown
+  let shutdown_clone = shutdown.clone();
+  ctrlc::set_handler(move || {
+    log::info!("received shutdown signal, stopping watch mode");
+    if let Ok(mut shutdown_guard) = shutdown_clone.lock() {
+      *shutdown_guard = true;
+    } else {
+      log::error!("failed to acquire shutdown lock in signal handler");
+    }
+  })
+  .context("failed to set signal handler")?;
+
+  let poll_interval = Duration::from_millis(WATCH_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
+  let debounce_interval = Duration::from_millis(WATCH_DEBOUNCE_INTERVAL_MS);
+  let mut last_change_time = Instant::now();
+
+  loop {
+    // Check for shutdown signal
+    match shutdown.lock() {
+      Ok(shutdown_guard) => {
+        if *shutdown_guard {
+          log::info!("shutting down watch mode");
+          break Ok(());
+        }
+      },
+      Err(e) => {
+        log::error!("failed to acquire shutdown lock: {e}");
+        thread::sleep(poll_interval);
+        continue;
+      },
+    }
+
+    // Get current clipboard content
+    let current_hash = match get_clipboard_content_hash(clipboard, seat) {
+      Ok(hash) => hash,
+      Err(e) => {
+        log::error!("failed to get clipboard content hash: {e}");
+        thread::sleep(poll_interval);
+        continue;
+      },
+    };
+
+    // Check if content has changed
+    match last_content_hash.lock() {
+      Ok(mut last_hash_guard) => {
+        let changed = *last_hash_guard != Some(current_hash);
+        if changed {
+          let now = Instant::now();
+
+          // Debounce rapid changes
+          if now.duration_since(last_change_time) >= debounce_interval {
+            *last_hash_guard = Some(current_hash);
+            last_change_time = now;
+            drop(last_hash_guard); // Release lock before spawning command
+
+            log::info!("clipboard content changed, executing watch command");
+
+            // Execute the watch command
+            if let Err(e) = execute_watch_command(watch_args, clipboard, seat) {
+              log::error!("failed to execute watch command: {e}");
+              // Continue watching even if command fails
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        changed
+      },
+      Err(e) => {
+        log::error!("failed to acquire last_content_hash lock: {e}");
+        thread::sleep(poll_interval);
+        continue;
+      },
+    };
+
+    thread::sleep(poll_interval);
+  }
+}
+
+fn get_clipboard_content_hash(
+  clipboard: PasteClipboardType,
+  seat: PasteSeat,
+) -> Result<u64> {
+  match get_contents(clipboard, seat, PasteMimeType::Text) {
+    Ok((mut reader, _types)) => {
+      let mut content = Vec::new();
+      let mut temp_buffer = [0; 8192];
+
+      loop {
+        let bytes_read = reader
+          .read(&mut temp_buffer)
+          .context("failed to read clipboard content")?;
+
+        if bytes_read == 0 {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if content.len() + bytes_read > MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE {
+          bail!(
+            "clipboard content exceeds maximum size of {} bytes",
+            MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE
+          );
+        }
+
+        content.extend_from_slice(&temp_buffer[..bytes_read]);
+      }
+
+      let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
+      content.hash(&mut hasher);
+      Ok(hasher.finish())
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::ClipboardEmpty) => {
+      Ok(0) // Empty clipboard has hash 0
+    },
+    Err(e) => bail!("clipboard error: {e}"),
+  }
+}
+
+/// Validate command name to prevent command injection
+fn validate_command_name(cmd: &str) -> Result<()> {
+  if cmd.is_empty() {
+    bail!("command name cannot be empty");
+  }
+
+  // Reject commands with shell metacharacters or path traversal
+  if cmd.contains(|c| {
+    ['|', '&', ';', '$', '`', '(', ')', '<', '>', '"', '\'', '\\'].contains(&c)
+  }) {
+    bail!("command contains invalid characters: {cmd}");
+  }
+
+  // Reject absolute paths and relative path traversal
+  if cmd.starts_with('/') || cmd.contains("..") {
+    bail!("command paths are not allowed: {cmd}");
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Set environment variable safely with validation
+fn set_clipboard_state_env(has_content: bool) -> Result<()> {
+  let value = if has_content { "data" } else { "nil" };
+
+  // Validate the environment variable value
+  if !matches!(value, "data" | "nil") {
+    bail!("invalid clipboard state value: {value}");
+  }
+
+  // Safe to set environment variable with validated, known-safe value
+  unsafe {
+    std::env::set_var("STASH_CLIPBOARD_STATE", value);
+  }
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn execute_watch_command(
+  watch_args: &[String],
+  clipboard: PasteClipboardType,
+  seat: PasteSeat,
+) -> Result<()> {
+  if watch_args.is_empty() {
+    bail!("watch command cannot be empty");
+  }
+
+  // Validate command name for security
+  validate_command_name(&watch_args[0])?;
+
+  let mut cmd = Command::new(&watch_args[0]);
+  if watch_args.len() > 1 {
+    cmd.args(&watch_args[1..]);
+  }
+
+  // Get clipboard content and pipe it to the command
+  match get_contents(clipboard, seat, PasteMimeType::Text) {
+    Ok((mut reader, _types)) => {
+      let mut content = Vec::new();
+      let mut temp_buffer = [0; 8192];
+
+      loop {
+        let bytes_read = reader
+          .read(&mut temp_buffer)
+          .context("failed to read clipboard")?;
+
+        if bytes_read == 0 {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if content.len() + bytes_read > MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE {
+          bail!(
+            "clipboard content exceeds maximum size of {} bytes",
+            MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE
+          );
+        }
+
+        content.extend_from_slice(&temp_buffer[..bytes_read]);
+      }
+
+      // Set environment variable safely
+      set_clipboard_state_env(!content.is_empty())?;
+
+      // Spawn the command with the content as stdin
+      cmd.stdin(Stdio::piped());
+
+      let mut child = cmd.spawn()?;
+
+      if let Some(stdin) = child.stdin.take() {
+        let mut stdin = stdin;
+        if let Err(e) = stdin.write_all(&content) {
+          bail!("failed to write to command stdin: {e}");
+        }
+      }
+
+      match child.wait() {
+        Ok(status) => {
+          if !status.success() {
+            log::warn!("watch command exited with status: {status}");
+          }
+        },
+        Err(e) => {
+          bail!("failed to wait for command: {e}");
+        },
+      }
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::ClipboardEmpty) => {
+      // Set environment variable safely
+      set_clipboard_state_env(false)?;
+
+      // Run command with /dev/null as stdin
+      cmd.stdin(Stdio::null());
+
+      match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) => {
+          if !status.success() {
+            log::warn!("watch command exited with status: {status}");
+          }
+        },
+        Err(e) => {
+          bail!("failed to run command: {e}");
+        },
+      }
+    },
+    Err(e) => {
+      bail!("clipboard error: {e}");
+    },
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+fn handle_regular_paste(
+  args: &WlPasteArgs,
+  clipboard: PasteClipboardType,
+  seat: PasteSeat,
+) -> Result<()> {
+  let mime_type = get_paste_mime_type(args.mime_type.as_deref());
+
+  match get_contents(clipboard, seat, mime_type) {
+    Ok((mut reader, _types)) => {
+      let mut out = io::stdout();
+      let mut buf = Vec::new();
+      let mut temp_buffer = [0; 8192];
+
+      loop {
+        let bytes_read = reader
+          .read(&mut temp_buffer)
+          .context("failed to read clipboard")?;
+
+        if bytes_read == 0 {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if buf.len() + bytes_read > MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE {
+          bail!(
+            "clipboard content exceeds maximum size of {} bytes",
+            MAX_CLIPBOARD_SIZE
+          );
+        }
+
+        buf.extend_from_slice(&temp_buffer[..bytes_read]);
+      }
+
+      if buf.is_empty() && args.no_newline {
+        bail!("no content available and --no-newline specified");
+      }
+      if let Err(e) = out.write_all(&buf) {
+        bail!("failed to write to stdout: {e}");
+      }
+      if !args.no_newline && !buf.ends_with(b"\n") {
+        if let Err(e) = out.write_all(b"\n") {
+          bail!("failed to write newline to stdout: {e}");
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::NoSeats) => {
+      bail!("no seats available (is a Wayland compositor running?)");
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::ClipboardEmpty) => {
+      if args.no_newline {
+        bail!("clipboard empty and --no-newline specified");
+      }
+      // Otherwise, exit successfully with no output
+    },
+    Err(PasteError::NoMimeType) => {
+      bail!("clipboard does not contain requested MIME type");
+    },
+    Err(e) => {
+      bail!("clipboard error: {e}");
+    },
+  }
+
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn wl_paste_main() -> Result<()> {
+  let args = WlPasteArgs::parse();
+
+  let clipboard = if args.primary {
+    PasteClipboardType::Primary
+  } else {
+    PasteClipboardType::Regular
+  };
+  let seat = args
+    .seat
+    .as_deref()
+    .map_or(PasteSeat::Unspecified, PasteSeat::Specific);
+
+  // Handle list-types option
+  if args.list_types {
+    handle_list_types(clipboard, seat)?;
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  // Handle watch mode
+  if args.watch.is_some() {
+    handle_watch_mode(&args, clipboard, seat)?;
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  // Regular paste mode
+  handle_regular_paste(&args, clipboard, seat)?;
+
+  Ok(())
+}