diff --git a/crates/pinakes-core/src/storage/sqlite.rs b/crates/pinakes-core/src/storage/sqlite.rs
index 9bd117a..847256a 100644
--- a/crates/pinakes-core/src/storage/sqlite.rs
+++ b/crates/pinakes-core/src/storage/sqlite.rs
@@ -5089,7 +5089,7 @@ impl StorageBackend for SqliteBackend {
     metadata: &crate::model::BookMetadata,
   ) -> Result<()> {
     if metadata.media_id.0.is_nil() {
-      return Err(PinakesError::Database(
+      return Err(PinakesError::InvalidOperation(
         "upsert_book_metadata: media_id must not be nil".to_string(),
       ));
     }